Climate and Earth Systems
Climate, atmosphere, oceans, land and biodiversity are one coupled system: heat, water and carbon move between them, and a shift in one changes the hazard and exposure records of all the others. This programme covers the observation, projection, disclosure and alignment standards that let those records be read together with their provenance intact. Each artefact of these areas carries a UNI (Unique Nexus Identifier).
- Climate: couples with
hydrometeorological-hazard-standards,financial-and-economic-risk-standards,compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards,climate-adaptation-and-transition-risk. - Atmosphere and air quality: couples with
health-risk-standards,wildfire-and-vegetation-fire-standards,climate-risk-standards,geophysical-hazard-standards. - Oceans and coasts: couples with
supply-chain-and-trade-risk,food-risk-standards,climate-risk-standards,cities-and-urban-systems-risk-standards. - Land and soil: couples with
food-risk-standards,water-risk-standards,geophysical-hazard-standards,biodiversity-risk-standards. - Biodiversity and nature: couples with
climate-risk-standards,health-risk-standards,food-risk-standards,environmental-degradation-hazard-standards. - Environmental degradation hazard: couples with
biodiversity-risk-standards,land-and-soil-risk-standards,health-risk-standards,compound-and-cascading-hazard-standards. - Climate adaptation and transition risk: couples with
climate-risk-standards,financial-and-economic-risk-standards,energy-risk-standards,water-risk-standards. - Paris Agreement and NDC alignment: couples with
sustainable-finance-and-disclosure-alignment,sendai-framework-alignment,kunming-montreal-gbf-alignment,climate-risk-standards. - Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework alignment: couples with
biodiversity-risk-standards,sustainable-finance-and-disclosure-alignment,paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment,unep-and-environment. - UNEP and the environment: couples with
kunming-montreal-gbf-alignment,environmental-degradation-hazard-standards,paris-agreement-and-ndc-alignment.
Summary
- 01Area indexAreas of Climate and Earth Systems
- 02Systemic couplingsTransmission channels to related areas and programmes
- 03System modelHow a shock travels through this system
- 04Context mapExample geography
- 05Systemic couplingsCouplings with other programmes
- 06Data sourcesData sources
- 07Applicable standardsStandards that apply
- 08IndicatorsIndicators
- Areas
- 10
- 5 catalogued, 5 proposed
- Nexus Standards
- 9
- applied across the areas
- Open standards
- 24
- named and linked, never reproduced
- Data sources
- 28
- listed for reference
- UNI
- requested · allocation in progress
- Status
- Proposedin preparation
- Last reviewed
- area profile
Nexus Standards (2026). Climate and Earth Systems: a programme of the Nexus Standards. Proposed. https://nexustandards.com/climate/. Last reviewed 17 October 2026.
Files include the credits and the licence statement and are generated in the browser; no data is transmitted. Downloads require JavaScript.
The programme at work
Its development and participation, the areas it holds, the standards that apply and the channels to related areas.
Areas of Climate and Earth Systems
10 areas, each with its tier, registry status, the Nexus Standards it lists, the open standards it references, its data sources and its couplings.
- 01Climate risk standardsDomainsStatus
listed·plannedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-1 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-9 · NS-11 · NS-14Open standards6Data sources4Couplings4 - 02Atmosphere and air quality risk standardsDomainsStatusproposedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-1 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-9 · NS-11Open standards5Data sources4Couplings4
- 03Oceans and coasts risk standardsDomainsStatus
listed·plannedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-1 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-5 · NS-9 · NS-11Open standards5Data sources5Couplings4 - 04Land and soil risk standardsDomainsStatus
listed·plannedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-1 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-5 · NS-9 · NS-11Open standards5Data sources4Couplings4 - 05Biodiversity and nature risk standardsDomainsStatus
listed·plannedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-1 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-5 · NS-9 · NS-11Open standards6Data sources5Couplings4 - 06Environmental degradation hazard standardsHazard and threat familiesStatus
listed·plannedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-3 · NS-3b · NS-9 · NS-11Open standards5Data sources4Couplings4 - 07Climate adaptation and transition riskRisk disciplinesStatusproposedNexus StandardsNS-0 · NS-3 · NS-9 · NS-10 · NS-11 · NS-14Open standards5Data sources4Couplings4
- 08Paris Agreement and NDC alignmentFrameworks and mandates alignmentStatusproposedNexus StandardsNS-3 · NS-10 · NS-11Open standards4Data sources3Couplings4
- 09Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework alignmentFrameworks and mandates alignmentStatusproposedNexus StandardsNS-3 · NS-10Open standards4Data sources3Couplings4
- 10UNEP and the environmentMultilateral and institutional technical areasStatusproposedNexus StandardsNS-3 · NS-10Open standards3Data sources3Couplings3
Area index5 of 10 areas have a catalogue entry; the others are proposed, each with a complete expert brief.
Transmission channels to related areas and programmes
The systemic couplings recorded for this context, grouped by transmission mechanism. The bar summarises each mechanism (select one to filter); each entry names the connected area or programme and describes the mechanism.
The interactive view requires JavaScript; the sections below present the same records.
How a shock travels through this system
A system model of this programme built from the registry: 26 hazards, 23 systems, 10 sectors, 15 controls, 27 feeds, 18 indicators. Select the components to include, choose an initiating hazard and run the scenario. Stress propagates through the hazard relations of the Nexus Hazard Standard (NHS-1), the exposure of each system, the recorded couplings and the sectors that carry the loss; adopted standards dampen transmission and live data sources support detection. All parameters are stated assumptions that the reader can adjust; results are illustrative scenario outputs for exercises and training, not forecasts or risk assessments. The Map view places the same run on an example geography, Pacific Island states, the region of the programme’s context map, with open data: country boundaries, a grid of hexagonal cells and NASA satellite layers for the initiating hazard. The geography serves exercises and training and is not an assessment of that place.
Hazards
- Sea-level rise
- Wildfire
- Dust storm
- Storm surge
- Coastal erosion
- Heatwave
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- Soil erosion
- Desertification
- Land subsidence
- Deforestation
- Land degradation
- Ecosystem collapse
- Eutrophication
- Sea-ice loss
- Extreme fire weather (set off downstream)
- Heat-driven grid stress (set off downstream)
- Agricultural drought (set off downstream)
- Flash drought (set off downstream)
- Snow drought (set off downstream)
- Ground-level ozone episode (set off downstream)
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- Road crash (set off downstream)
- Outdoor air pollution episode (set off downstream)
- River flood (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
- Climate risk standards
- Atmosphere and air quality risk standards
- Oceans and coasts risk standards
- Land and soil risk standards
- Biodiversity and nature risk standards
- Environmental degradation hazard standards
- Climate adaptation and transition risk
- Paris Agreement and NDC alignment
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework alignment
- UNEP and the environment
- Hydrometeorological hazard standards Common driver
- Financial and economic risk standards Cascade
- Compound and cascading hazard standards Mechanism
- Health risk standards Cascade
- Wildfire and vegetation fire standards Common driver
- Geophysical hazard standards Cascade
- Supply chain and trade risk Cascade
- Food and agriculture risk standards Cascade
- Cities and urban systems risk standards Exposure
- Water risk standards Feedback
- Energy risk standards Feedback
- Sustainable finance and disclosure alignment Coupling
- Sendai Framework alignment Coupling
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-1The UNI and the artefact catalogue (grammar v0.2: domain, sector, region and environment segments)NS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-3bDataset and product metadata profile (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NS-14Conformance and crosswalk to external standardsNS-5Figure, map and visualisation standard (with the UI/UX kit)NS-10Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NRS-H65Hazard family: Planetary boundary transgressions (NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-H15Hazard family: Glacier, ice-sheet and permafrost change (NHS-1 cryo.glacier)NRS-H11Hazard family: Coastal and sea-level hazards (NHS-1 water.coastal)NRS-H27Hazard family: Biodiversity and species stress (NHS-1 eco.species)NRS-H26Hazard family: Land and wetland degradation (NHS-1 eco.land)NRS-H61Hazard family: Cascading failure (NHS-1 sys.cascade)
Observation
- ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)
- CMIP6 climate projections (Copernicus Climate Data Store) (listed for reference)
- NGFS Scenario Explorer (listed for reference)
- INFORM Risk Index (listed for reference)
- OpenAQ air quality measurements API (listed for reference)
- CAMS global atmospheric composition forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)
- NASA FIRMS active fire detections (MODIS, VIIRS) (listed for reference)
- CAMS global reanalysis (EAC4) and atmospheric composition forecasts (listed for reference)
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- SoilGrids 2.0 global soil property maps (listed for reference)
- ESA WorldCover 10 m land cover (listed for reference)
- Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products (listed for reference)
- Global Forest Watch tree cover loss (Hansen/UMD) and alerts (listed for reference)
- GBIF occurrence API and downloads (listed for reference)
- World Database on Protected and Conserved Areas (listed for reference)
- World Bank Open Data and World Development Indicators API (listed for reference)
- Climate Watch NDC and emissions data (listed for reference)
- UNFCCC NDC registry (listed for reference)
- ERA5 reanalysis (climate hazard baselines) (listed for reference)
- GBIF occurrence API (listed for reference)
- UN SDG Global Database API (indicators 15.1.1, 15.1.2, 15.5.1) (listed for reference)
- World Environment Situation Room (listed for reference)
- UN SDG Global Database API (indicators 15.1.1, 12.4.1) (listed for reference)
- Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
- Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global GDP
- Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter in cities (population weighted)
- Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
- Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area
- Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture
- Forest area as a proportion of total land area
- Red List Index
- Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity covered by protected areas
- Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
- Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans and adaptation communications
- Number of countries that adopt and implement national DRR strategies in line with the Sendai Framework
- Extent of natural ecosystems
- Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type
Example geography
- Pacific Island states: 150 hexagonal cells
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
Example geography
Open Earth observation layers for pacific islands, an example geography for climate and earth systems. The map provides context only and does not indicate where the standards apply. Layers, dates and credits are shown on the map.
The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.
Layers 2
Climate signals
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- 8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-09-14
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
- Provider
- NASA GES DISC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds and night leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds and night leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite detection; clouds and night leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- GHRSST MUR (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite analysis
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite analysis. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite analysis
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a coral bleaching alert.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (latest month GIBS publishes)
- Source
- GRACE-FO JPL mascons (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- monthly; Satellite gravimetry; latest month GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2022-07-01
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite gravimetry; latest month GIBS publishes. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
Keyboard, with the map focused
Hold Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll to zoom.
Latest available
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth.
Loading the latest NASA imagery.
Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.
Climate signals, framed on Pacific Island states.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONETSources and licences
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL mascon solution, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
- Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
- Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
- Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
- Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
- Optional layers (18 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Layers and dates.
- Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
- Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Oct 2026
- Snow cover: VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Sea ice concentration: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
- Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
- Water storage anomaly, monthly: GRACE-FO JPL mascons, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · July 2022
Couplings, indicators and sources
The couplings with other programmes, the indicators, the references and the data sources the programme draws on.
Couplings with other programmes
43 couplings link the areas of this programme with 9 other programmes, counted in both directions from the area profiles.
| Coupled programme | Couplings | Example mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction | 13 | Common driver: warming intensifies heavy rainfall, heatwaves and drought, shifting hazard distributions.Climate risk standards to Hydrometeorological hazard standards |
| Finance, Insurance and the Economy | 8 | Cascade: physical losses and abrupt transition repricing transmit to credit, insurance and sovereign risk.Climate risk standards to Financial and economic risk standards |
| Health and Biosecurity | 6 | Cascade: pollution episodes raise respiratory and cardiovascular admissions and mortality.Atmosphere and air quality risk standards to Health risk standards |
| Water and Food Systems | 5 | Cascade: marine heatwaves and acidification reduce fisheries and aquaculture output.Oceans and coasts risk standards to Food and agriculture risk standards |
| Cities and the Built Environment | 3 | Exposure: coastal cities face compound surge and river flooding.Oceans and coasts risk standards to Cities and urban systems risk standards |
| Industry, Trade and Supply Chains | 3 | Cascade: port closures from surge and storms disrupt global shipping and trade.Oceans and coasts risk standards to Supply chain and trade risk |
| Energy and Critical Infrastructure | 2 | Feedback: transition changes the energy system and its vulnerabilities.Climate adaptation and transition risk to Energy risk standards |
| Systemic Risks | 2 | Tail risk: high-end warming and tipping cascades are catastrophic scenarios.Global catastrophic and existential risk standards to Climate risk standards |
Working groups, participation and learning
How to take part, the proposed working groups, the readiness pathways, learning at Risk Academy, the institutions of the network and common questions.
Participation and governance
- 01
Charter a working group
Select an area above, adopt its proposed charter and submit it as a public change record under NS-13; the editors decide with written reasons. Develop a standard.
- 02
Amend an area brief
Propose an amendment to an area profile, citing a peer-reviewed or official source.
- 03
Propose a data source
Propose a source with its provider, licence and delivery path for licence review.
- 04
National participation
Each participating country takes part through its National Nexus Consortium (NNC). The National Standards Council (NSC) decides adoption, adaptation or reference in its jurisdiction, and National Working Groups (NWGs) draft national inputs and run field exercises. Competent national authorities are engaged through official channels.
- 05
Contribute at the issuing body
Contributions to an external standard are made through the issuing body’s own channels; outcomes are reflected here as register changes. Movement and contribution.
Questions and answers
What is the status of Climate and Earth Systems?
What is the basis of the area briefs?
How are data sources presented?
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- EmailGateway GW-STDSend it from this pageEvidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.
- ZenodoOpen depositDeposit it and submit to the communityPublish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.
- ReportsNexus StandardsSee every way to contributeThe contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.
Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.
Every figure on this page is indexed: climate, hazards, environment, Pacific Island states.
The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.
- 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
- 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
- 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
- 04 · This pageClimate and Earth SystemsMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of climate, hazards, environment and Pacific Island states.Public API
global, sector, strategic, technology, thematicSeries in this context climate, hazards, environment
- GSGlobal ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Climate · Hazards · Environment
- GSGlobal WaterAccess, scarcity, quality, floods and droughts, groundwater depletion, transboundary dependency and the couplings of water to energy, food, health and nature.NXS-GRX-AR-000059Hazards · Climate · Energy
- GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Climate · Energy
- GSGlobal Earth observationWhat Earth observation can and cannot see of risk: coverage, revisit, latency and the observing systems The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) depends on.NXS-GRX-AR-000070Hazards · Climate · Environment
Country profiles Pacific Island states
Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply.
Hazard domains NHS-1
- Atmosphere and weatherNXS-GRX-AR-000135
- Ice and snowNXS-GRX-AR-000137
- Planetary boundaries and Earth-system tippingNXS-GRX-AR-000141
Geodata and API open
Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines.
/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0.
Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.
Contribute to Climate and Earth Systems
Institutions and experts are invited to charter a working group, amend an area brief or propose a data source. National participation is organised through each country’s National Nexus Consortium (NNC) and its National Working Groups (NWGs); competent national authorities are engaged through official channels.
Status and use. The Nexus Standards are proposed standards developed through an open process under NS-13 and published for voluntary use; they do not constitute certification, accreditation or regulatory approval, and adoption remains a decision of the Global Standards Council and, in each country, of its National Standards Council. A UNI (Unique Nexus Identifier) identifies an artefact; it does not certify it. Names of standards bodies and their standards belong to their stewards and are used only to identify the documents; no text of an external standard is reproduced here. Nexus Standards is not affiliated with, endorsed by or certified by any standards body named here.
Licences: CC BY 4.0 for standards text, registries, schemas and data; Apache-2.0 for reference code. External standards are cited by name, number and link under their own licences. Third-party data, libraries and fonts keep their own licences: see Third-party notices.