Standards·Data and datasets·Crosswalk
Data and datasets
Data and datasets: crosswalk to external standards
The external standards in the crosswalk domains of data and datasets, from the register, with the relation of each to the Nexus Standards. Each row links to the issuing body, and each relation is evidenced by attestations identified by UNIs (Unique Nexus Identifier).
Data and datasets
- Nexus Standards: NS-1, NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11.
- Open standards: Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) Version 3; PROV-O: The PROV Ontology; SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC); FAIR Guiding Principles; CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance; Schema.org Dataset; Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX); Croissant metadata format for ML-ready datasets.
- Data and feeds: re3data registry of research data repositories API; World Bank Data Catalog and Indicators API; DataCite REST API (DOIs).
- Couples with: Provenance and evidence; Naming, marks and intellectual property; Indicators and statistics; Geospatial and Earth observation.
01Process
The process.
Crosswalk graph · data and datasetsNexus Standards registry
Nexus StandardsDomainsExternal standardsIssuing bodiesImplementing repositories
The crosswalk as a table: 42 external standards by domain
| Domain | External standard | Issuing body | Relation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data and datasets | CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance | Global Indigenous Data Alliance | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Croissant: A Metadata Format for ML-Ready Datasets | MLCommons Croissant Working Group | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Datasheets for Datasets | Gebru et al. (arXiv 2018; Communications of the ACM 2021) | profile |
| Data and datasets | ESCO European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and… | European Commission | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and… | Wilkinson et al. 2016; GO FAIR | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development… | UN Statistical Commission | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators (OECD and… | OECD and European Commission JRC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | IEEE 1451 Smart transducer interface standards | IEEE | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 22739 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies… | ISO/TC 307 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 23247 Automation systems and integration – Digital… | ISO/TC 184 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 8601-1:2019 Date and time – Representations for… | ISO/TC 154 | adopt |
| Data and datasets | ISO/IEC 22123 Information technology – Cloud computing | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO/IEC 30173:2023 Digital twin – Concepts and terminology | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | JSON-LD 1.1 | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | OWL 2 Web Ontology Language | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Schema.org vocabulary | Schema.org Community Group (W3C) | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SOSA/SSN) | W3C and OGC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX); ISO… | SDMX sponsors (BIS, ECB, Eurostat, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank); ISO/TC 154 | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Time Ontology in OWL | W3C and OGC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) – Version 3 | W3C Dataset Exchange Working Group | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | CCSDS space data system standards | Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems | cite |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite… | UN Office for Outer Space Affairs | cite |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | ISO 19115-1:2014 Geographic information – Metadata – Part… | ISO/TC 211 | crosswalk |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | ISO 19157-1:2023 Geographic information – Data quality… | ISO/TC 211 | crosswalk |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC API – Features – Part 1: Core | Open Geospatial Consortium | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC API – Records – Part 1: Core | Open Geospatial Consortium | crosswalk |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard | Open Geospatial Consortium | cite |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC GeoSPARQL – A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data | OGC | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC SensorML encoding standard | OGC | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | OGC SensorThings API Part 1: Sensing | Open Geospatial Consortium | crosswalk |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | RFC 7946 The GeoJSON Format | IETF | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) specification | STAC community; OGC Community Standard 25-004 | adopt |
| Geospatial and Earth observation | UN-GGIM Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF) | UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management | cite |
| Provenance and evidence | C2PA Content Credentials specification | Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (Joint Development Foundation) | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | IETF SCITT architecture (Supply Chain Integrity… | IETF SCITT working group | profile |
| Provenance and evidence | in-toto Attestation Framework | in-toto project (CNCF) | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | Sigstore (Cosign, Fulcio, Rekor) | OpenSSF (Linux Foundation); graduated project March 2024 | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | W3C PROV-O: The PROV Ontology | W3C Provenance Working Group | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 | W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group | crosswalk |
Nexus Standards in the graph: NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11. A relation is a register entry, never a compliance claim.
3 Nexus Standards · 3 domains · 42 external standards · 32 issuing bodies · 0 implementing repositories. Relations (adopt, profile, crosswalk, cite) are as recorded in the register; names and standards remain with their stewards.
Crosswalk graph80 nodes and 93 links from the registry of external standards, programme areas and implementations (the external standards register, the consumers register. Relations (adopt, profile, crosswalk, cite) are shown as recorded in the register.
- Nexus Standards
- 4
- NS-1, NS-3, NS-3b
- Open standards
- 8
- named, never copied
- Data and feeds
- 3
- listed for reference
- Couplings
- 4
- with other areas
02Data and datasets
Data and datasets
23 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schema.org vocabulary | Schema.org Community Group (W3C) | 29.4 (8 December 2025); 30.0 of 25 March 2026 reported by one secondary source | adopt | open | verified |
| Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX); ISO 17369:2013 | SDMX sponsors (BIS, ECB, Eurostat, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank); ISO/TC 154 | 3.0 (September 2021); ISO 17369:2013 corresponds to SDMX 2.1 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship | Wilkinson et al. 2016; GO FAIR | 2016 | adopt | open | verified |
| CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance | Global Indigenous Data Alliance | 2019 (formal publication 2020 per some sources) | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) – Version 3 | W3C Dataset Exchange Working Group | W3C Recommendation 22 August 2024 | adopt | open | verified |
| Croissant: A Metadata Format for ML-Ready Datasets | MLCommons Croissant Working Group | 1.0 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| Datasheets for Datasets | Gebru et al. (arXiv 2018; Communications of the ACM 2021) | 2018 preprint; 2021 CACM | profile | open | unverified |
| ISO 8601-1:2019 Date and time – Representations for information interchange – Part 1: Basic rules | ISO/TC 154 | 2019 with Amd 1:2022 | adopt | paywalled | verified |
| ISO/IEC 30173:2023 Digital twin – Concepts and terminology | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 | 2023 | compatibility profile (restricted) | paywalled | unverified |
| ISO 23247 Automation systems and integration – Digital twin framework for manufacturing | ISO/TC 184 | 2021 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| ISO/IEC 22123 Information technology – Cloud computing | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38 | 2023 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SOSA/SSN) | W3C and OGC | 2017 | adopt | open | unverified |
| IEEE 1451 Smart transducer interface standards | IEEE | series | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators (OECD and JRC) and JRC composite indicator guidance | OECD and European Commission JRC | 2008 | adopt | open | unverified |
| ISO 22739 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies – Vocabulary | ISO/TC 307 | 2024 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals | UN Statistical Commission | current | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| ESCO European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations | European Commission | 1.2 | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| OWL 2 Web Ontology Language | W3C | 2nd edition | adopt | open | unverified |
| SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference | W3C | 2009 | adopt | open | unverified |
| Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) | W3C | 2017 | adopt | open | unverified |
| JSON-LD 1.1 | W3C | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
| Time Ontology in OWL | W3C and OGC | 2022 | adopt | open | unverified |
| SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | W3C | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
03Geospatial and Earth observation
Geospatial and Earth observation
13 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 19115-1:2014 Geographic information – Metadata – Part 1: Fundamentals | ISO/TC 211 | 2014 with Amd 1:2018 and Amd 2:2020 | compatibility profile (restricted) | paywalled | verified |
| ISO 19157-1:2023 Geographic information – Data quality – Part 1: General requirements | ISO/TC 211 | 2023 (April 2023; replaces ISO 19157:2013) | compatibility profile (restricted) | paywalled | verified |
| OGC API – Features – Part 1: Core | Open Geospatial Consortium | 1.0.1 (17-069r4 corrigendum); Parts 2 and 3 also 1.0.1 | adopt | open | verified |
| OGC API – Records – Part 1: Core | Open Geospatial Consortium | 1.0 (20-004r1, International Standard) | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) specification | STAC community; OGC Community Standard 25-004 | 1.1.0 (OGC Community Standard); core text CC BY 4.0 | adopt | open | verified |
| OGC GeoPackage Encoding Standard | Open Geospatial Consortium | 1.4.0 (12-128r19, 6 February 2024) | cite | open | verified |
| OGC SensorThings API Part 1: Sensing | Open Geospatial Consortium | 1.1 (18-088); Part 2 Tasking Core 1.0; STAplus 1.0 | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| RFC 7946 The GeoJSON Format | IETF | Proposed Standard (August 2016) | adopt | open | verified |
| UN-GGIM Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF) | UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management | nine strategic pathways | cite | open | unverified |
| International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) interoperability and performance work | UN Office for Outer Space Affairs | current | cite | open | unverified |
| OGC SensorML encoding standard | OGC | 2.0 | adopt | open | unverified |
| CCSDS space data system standards | Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems | current | cite | open | unverified |
| OGC GeoSPARQL – A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data | OGC | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
04Provenance and evidence
Provenance and evidence
6 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigstore (Cosign, Fulcio, Rekor) | OpenSSF (Linux Foundation); graduated project March 2024 | project; Rekor v2 general availability reported October 2025 | adopt | open | verified |
| in-toto Attestation Framework | in-toto project (CNCF) | 1.0 (stable per in-toto.io) | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C PROV-O: The PROV Ontology | W3C Provenance Working Group | W3C Recommendation 30 April 2013 | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 | W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group | W3C Recommendation 15 May 2025 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| C2PA Content Credentials specification | Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (Joint Development Foundation) | 2.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
| IETF SCITT architecture (Supply Chain Integrity, Transparency and Trust) | IETF SCITT working group | draft | profile | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
05Relations
Relation types and their evidence
| Relation | Meaning | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
cite | The Nexus Standard refers to the external standard as context. | Identifier, version and URL in the register. |
profile | The Nexus Standard constrains or specialises an open external standard (for example STAC, DCAT, PROV-O, DataCite, CAP). | Conformance tests against the external standard’s own validator where one exists. |
crosswalk | Elements of the external standard map to Nexus elements (clauses, record fields). | A crosswalk table in the register entry; each row cites the external clause by number, never by text. |
adopt | The Nexus Standards use the external standard as it is for a function (for example ISO 3166-1, SPDX, ORCID, ROR). | Validation of values against the external scheme. |
extend | A Nexus Standard adds machine-readable, real-time or provenance elements that the external standard lacks. | The extension is a Nexus clause or field; the external standard is cited as the baseline. |
gap | No external standard covers the concern; a Nexus Standard specifies it. | The gap statement in the landscape study. |
06Questions
Questions and answers.
Does a crosswalk establish that a data and datasets artefact conforms to these standards?
A crosswalk is a mapping. A relation is displayed as clauses derived from the external standard and their current results; any determination of conformity with an external standard rests with the body entitled to make it.
Why are some relations shown as compatibility profile (restricted)?
The standard is paywalled. Its text is not reproduced, and a compatibility profile of it is published only under an institutional arrangement with the issuing body.
Why are some entries marked unverified?
An unverified entry rests on a secondary source for at least one of name, body, version or year; NS14-R5 requires it to be shown as unverified.
Related
Around data and datasets.
Standards
Shape the standards for data and datasets.
Governments, regulators, standards bodies, industry, academia and communities are invited to shape the catalogue ahead of its first official release, targeted for 2030: comment on a draft, propose a change, join a working group or host a field exercise.
Status and use. The Nexus Standards are proposed standards developed through an open process under NS-13 and published for voluntary use; they do not constitute certification, accreditation or regulatory approval, and adoption remains a decision of the Global Standards Council and, in each country, of its National Standards Council. A UNI (Unique Nexus Identifier) identifies an artefact; it does not certify it. Names of standards bodies and their standards belong to their stewards and are used only to identify the documents; no text of an external standard is reproduced here. Nexus Standards is not affiliated with, endorsed by or certified by any standards body named here.
Licences: CC BY 4.0 for standards text, registries, schemas and data; Apache-2.0 for reference code. External standards are cited by name, number and link under their own licences. Third-party data, libraries and fonts keep their own licences: see Third-party notices.