Standards·Research, academia and education·Crosswalk
Research, academia and education
Research, academia and education: crosswalk to external standards
The external standards in the crosswalk domains of research, academia and education, from the register, with the relation of each to the Nexus Standards. Each row links to the issuing body, and each relation is evidenced by attestations identified by UNIs (Unique Nexus Identifier).
Research, academia and education
- Nexus Standards: NS-0, NS-1, NS-2, NS-4, NS-8, NS-12.
- Open standards: DataCite Metadata Schema 4.5; ORCID identifier; Research Organization Registry (ROR) identifier; FAIR Guiding Principles; CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance; CodeMeta; Citation File Format 1.2; SoftWare Hash IDentifier (SWHID); PROV-O: The PROV Ontology.
- Data and feeds: OpenAlex scholarly graph; DataCite metadata (REST API); ROR data dump; UIS data browser (education, R&D).
- Couples with: International organisations and multilaterals; For STEM communities; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) evidence pathway; Public sector and government.
01Process
The process.
Crosswalk graph · research, academia and educationNexus Standards registry
Nexus StandardsDomainsExternal standardsIssuing bodiesImplementing repositories
The crosswalk as a table: 49 external standards by domain
| Domain | External standard | Issuing body | Relation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data and datasets | CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance | Global Indigenous Data Alliance | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Croissant: A Metadata Format for ML-Ready Datasets | MLCommons Croissant Working Group | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Datasheets for Datasets | Gebru et al. (arXiv 2018; Communications of the ACM 2021) | profile |
| Data and datasets | ESCO European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and… | European Commission | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and… | Wilkinson et al. 2016; GO FAIR | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development… | UN Statistical Commission | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators (OECD and… | OECD and European Commission JRC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | IEEE 1451 Smart transducer interface standards | IEEE | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 22739 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies… | ISO/TC 307 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 23247 Automation systems and integration – Digital… | ISO/TC 184 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO 8601-1:2019 Date and time – Representations for… | ISO/TC 154 | adopt |
| Data and datasets | ISO/IEC 22123 Information technology – Cloud computing | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38 | cite |
| Data and datasets | ISO/IEC 30173:2023 Digital twin – Concepts and terminology | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | JSON-LD 1.1 | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | OWL 2 Web Ontology Language | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Schema.org vocabulary | Schema.org Community Group (W3C) | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SOSA/SSN) | W3C and OGC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | W3C | adopt |
| Data and datasets | Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX); ISO… | SDMX sponsors (BIS, ECB, Eurostat, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank); ISO/TC 154 | crosswalk |
| Data and datasets | Time Ontology in OWL | W3C and OGC | adopt |
| Data and datasets | W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) – Version 3 | W3C Dataset Exchange Working Group | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | DataCite Metadata Schema 4.5 | DataCite Metadata Working Group | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | Digital Object Identifier system – ISO 26324 | ISO/TC 46/SC 9; International DOI Foundation | crosswalk |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) – ISO 27729 | ISO/TC 46/SC 9; ISNI International Agency | cite |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | ISO 3166-1 Codes for the representation of names of… | ISO/TC 46; ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | Open Badges 3.0 | 1EdTech Consortium | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | ORCID iD (subset of ISNI, ISO 27729) | ORCID Inc. | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | Research Organization Registry (ROR) | ROR (California Digital Library, Crossref, DataCite) | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | SoftWare Hash IDentifier (SWHID) Specification V1.2… | Software Heritage; ISO/IEC JTC 1 | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | UN M49 Standard country or area codes for statistical use | United Nations Statistics Division | adopt |
| Identifiers and cataloguing | W3C Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0 | W3C DID Working Group | profile |
| Provenance and evidence | C2PA Content Credentials specification | Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (Joint Development Foundation) | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | IETF SCITT architecture (Supply Chain Integrity… | IETF SCITT working group | profile |
| Provenance and evidence | in-toto Attestation Framework | in-toto project (CNCF) | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | Sigstore (Cosign, Fulcio, Rekor) | OpenSSF (Linux Foundation); graduated project March 2024 | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | W3C PROV-O: The PROV Ontology | W3C Provenance Working Group | adopt |
| Provenance and evidence | W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 | W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group | crosswalk |
| Software and supply chain integrity | Citation File Format (CITATION.cff) | Citation File Format project | adopt |
| Software and supply chain integrity | CodeMeta software metadata vocabulary | CodeMeta project | adopt |
| Software and supply chain integrity | CycloneDX Bill of Materials specification (ECMA-424) | OWASP CycloneDX; Ecma International TC54 | crosswalk |
| Software and supply chain integrity | JSON Schema 2020-12 | JSON Schema organisation | adopt |
| Software and supply chain integrity | OCI Image Format Specification | Open Container Initiative | adopt |
| Software and supply chain integrity | OpenAPI Specification | OpenAPI Initiative (Linux Foundation) | adopt |
| Software and supply chain integrity | OpenSSF Best Practices Badge | OpenSSF | cite |
| Software and supply chain integrity | OpenSSF Scorecard | OpenSSF | cite |
| Software and supply chain integrity | Reproducible Builds definition and practices | Reproducible Builds project | cite |
| Software and supply chain integrity | SPDX (System Package Data Exchange) specification; ISO/IEC… | SPDX project (Linux Foundation); ISO/IEC JTC 1 | adopt |
Nexus Standards in the graph: NS-0, NS-1, NS-2, NS-4, NS-8, NS-12. A relation is a register entry, never a compliance claim.
6 Nexus Standards · 4 domains · 49 external standards · 43 issuing bodies · 0 implementing repositories. Relations (adopt, profile, crosswalk, cite) are as recorded in the register; names and standards remain with their stewards.
Crosswalk graph102 nodes and 122 links from the registry of external standards, programme areas and implementations (the external standards register, the consumers register. Relations (adopt, profile, crosswalk, cite) are shown as recorded in the register.
- Nexus Standards
- 6
- NS-0, NS-1, NS-2
- Open standards
- 9
- named, never copied
- Data and feeds
- 4
- listed for reference
- Couplings
- 4
- with other areas
02Identifiers and cataloguing
Identifiers and cataloguing
10 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SoftWare Hash IDentifier (SWHID) Specification V1.2; ISO/IEC 18670:2025 | Software Heritage; ISO/IEC JTC 1 | 1.2 (ISO/IEC 18670:2025, April 2025) | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0 | W3C DID Working Group | W3C Recommendation 19 July 2022 | profile | open | verified |
| DataCite Metadata Schema 4.5 | DataCite Metadata Working Group | 4.5 (22 January 2024) | adopt | open | verified |
| Digital Object Identifier system – ISO 26324 | ISO/TC 46/SC 9; International DOI Foundation | ISO 26324:2022 withdrawn March 2025 and replaced by ISO 26324:2025 | compatibility profile (restricted) | paywalled | unverified |
| ORCID iD (subset of ISNI, ISO 27729) | ORCID Inc. | 16-digit identifier with ISO/IEC 7064 MOD 11-2 check digit | adopt | open | verified |
| International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) – ISO 27729 | ISO/TC 46/SC 9; ISNI International Agency | ISO 27729 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Research Organization Registry (ROR) | ROR (California Digital Library, Crossref, DataCite) | schema v2 (v1 retired December 2025 per secondary source); CC0 data | adopt | open | verified |
| ISO 3166-1 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes | ISO/TC 46; ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency | current (alpha-3 used in the UNI REGION segment) | adopt | free-to-read | unverified |
| UN M49 Standard country or area codes for statistical use | United Nations Statistics Division | online edition of Series M, No. 49 | adopt | open | verified |
| Open Badges 3.0 | 1EdTech Consortium | 3.0 | adopt | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
03Data and datasets
Data and datasets
23 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schema.org vocabulary | Schema.org Community Group (W3C) | 29.4 (8 December 2025); 30.0 of 25 March 2026 reported by one secondary source | adopt | open | verified |
| Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange (SDMX); ISO 17369:2013 | SDMX sponsors (BIS, ECB, Eurostat, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank); ISO/TC 154 | 3.0 (September 2021); ISO 17369:2013 corresponds to SDMX 2.1 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship | Wilkinson et al. 2016; GO FAIR | 2016 | adopt | open | verified |
| CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance | Global Indigenous Data Alliance | 2019 (formal publication 2020 per some sources) | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) – Version 3 | W3C Dataset Exchange Working Group | W3C Recommendation 22 August 2024 | adopt | open | verified |
| Croissant: A Metadata Format for ML-Ready Datasets | MLCommons Croissant Working Group | 1.0 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| Datasheets for Datasets | Gebru et al. (arXiv 2018; Communications of the ACM 2021) | 2018 preprint; 2021 CACM | profile | open | unverified |
| ISO 8601-1:2019 Date and time – Representations for information interchange – Part 1: Basic rules | ISO/TC 154 | 2019 with Amd 1:2022 | adopt | paywalled | verified |
| ISO/IEC 30173:2023 Digital twin – Concepts and terminology | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 | 2023 | compatibility profile (restricted) | paywalled | unverified |
| ISO 23247 Automation systems and integration – Digital twin framework for manufacturing | ISO/TC 184 | 2021 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| ISO/IEC 22123 Information technology – Cloud computing | ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 38 | 2023 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SOSA/SSN) | W3C and OGC | 2017 | adopt | open | unverified |
| IEEE 1451 Smart transducer interface standards | IEEE | series | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators (OECD and JRC) and JRC composite indicator guidance | OECD and European Commission JRC | 2008 | adopt | open | unverified |
| ISO 22739 Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies – Vocabulary | ISO/TC 307 | 2024 | cite | paywalled | unverified |
| Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals | UN Statistical Commission | current | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| ESCO European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations | European Commission | 1.2 | crosswalk | open | unverified |
| OWL 2 Web Ontology Language | W3C | 2nd edition | adopt | open | unverified |
| SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference | W3C | 2009 | adopt | open | unverified |
| Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) | W3C | 2017 | adopt | open | unverified |
| JSON-LD 1.1 | W3C | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
| Time Ontology in OWL | W3C and OGC | 2022 | adopt | open | unverified |
| SPARQL 1.1 Query Language | W3C | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
04Provenance and evidence
Provenance and evidence
6 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigstore (Cosign, Fulcio, Rekor) | OpenSSF (Linux Foundation); graduated project March 2024 | project; Rekor v2 general availability reported October 2025 | adopt | open | verified |
| in-toto Attestation Framework | in-toto project (CNCF) | 1.0 (stable per in-toto.io) | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C PROV-O: The PROV Ontology | W3C Provenance Working Group | W3C Recommendation 30 April 2013 | adopt | open | verified |
| W3C Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 | W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group | W3C Recommendation 15 May 2025 | crosswalk | open | verified |
| C2PA Content Credentials specification | Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (Joint Development Foundation) | 2.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
| IETF SCITT architecture (Supply Chain Integrity, Transparency and Trust) | IETF SCITT working group | draft | profile | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
05Software and supply chain integrity
Software and supply chain integrity
10 register entries.
| Standard | Body | Version | Relation | Access | Verified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPDX (System Package Data Exchange) specification; ISO/IEC 5962:2021 | SPDX project (Linux Foundation); ISO/IEC JTC 1 | 3.0.1 (December 2024); ISO/IEC 5962:2021 published 9 September 2021 covers an earlier 2.x version | adopt | open | verified |
| CycloneDX Bill of Materials specification (ECMA-424) | OWASP CycloneDX; Ecma International TC54 | 1.6 (9 April 2024; ECMA-424 ratified 26 June 2024); 1.7 and ECMA-424 2nd edition reported by one source | crosswalk | open | verified |
| OpenSSF Best Practices Badge | OpenSSF | passing, silver, gold tiers | cite | open | verified |
| OpenSSF Scorecard | OpenSSF | automated checks scored 0–10 | cite | open | unverified |
| CodeMeta software metadata vocabulary | CodeMeta project | 3.0 (2023); context lists 3.1 and the repository lists 4.0 | adopt | open | verified |
| Citation File Format (CITATION.cff) | Citation File Format project | 1.2.0 | adopt | open | unverified |
| OpenAPI Specification | OpenAPI Initiative (Linux Foundation) | 3.1.1 (24 October 2024); 3.1.2 and 3.2.0 dated 19 September 2025 in the repository changelog | adopt | open | verified |
| JSON Schema 2020-12 | JSON Schema organisation | 2020-12 (current per json-schema.org) | adopt | open | verified |
| OCI Image Format Specification | Open Container Initiative | 1.1 | adopt | open | unverified |
| Reproducible Builds definition and practices | Reproducible Builds project | current | cite | open | unverified |
Unverified entries rest on a secondary source for at least one field, as indicated in the register.
06Relations
Relation types and their evidence
| Relation | Meaning | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
cite | The Nexus Standard refers to the external standard as context. | Identifier, version and URL in the register. |
profile | The Nexus Standard constrains or specialises an open external standard (for example STAC, DCAT, PROV-O, DataCite, CAP). | Conformance tests against the external standard’s own validator where one exists. |
crosswalk | Elements of the external standard map to Nexus elements (clauses, record fields). | A crosswalk table in the register entry; each row cites the external clause by number, never by text. |
adopt | The Nexus Standards use the external standard as it is for a function (for example ISO 3166-1, SPDX, ORCID, ROR). | Validation of values against the external scheme. |
extend | A Nexus Standard adds machine-readable, real-time or provenance elements that the external standard lacks. | The extension is a Nexus clause or field; the external standard is cited as the baseline. |
gap | No external standard covers the concern; a Nexus Standard specifies it. | The gap statement in the landscape study. |
07Questions
Questions and answers.
Does a crosswalk establish that a research, academia and education artefact conforms to these standards?
A crosswalk is a mapping. A relation is displayed as clauses derived from the external standard and their current results; any determination of conformity with an external standard rests with the body entitled to make it.
Why are some relations shown as compatibility profile (restricted)?
The standard is paywalled. Its text is not reproduced, and a compatibility profile of it is published only under an institutional arrangement with the issuing body.
Why are some entries marked unverified?
An unverified entry rests on a secondary source for at least one of name, body, version or year; NS14-R5 requires it to be shown as unverified.
Related
Around research, academia and education.
Standards
Shape the standards for research, academia and education.
Governments, regulators, standards bodies, industry, academia and communities are invited to shape the catalogue ahead of its first official release, targeted for 2030: comment on a draft, propose a change, join a working group or host a field exercise.
Status and use. The Nexus Standards are proposed standards developed through an open process under NS-13 and published for voluntary use; they do not constitute certification, accreditation or regulatory approval, and adoption remains a decision of the Global Standards Council and, in each country, of its National Standards Council. A UNI (Unique Nexus Identifier) identifies an artefact; it does not certify it. Names of standards bodies and their standards belong to their stewards and are used only to identify the documents; no text of an external standard is reproduced here. Nexus Standards is not affiliated with, endorsed by or certified by any standards body named here.
Licences: CC BY 4.0 for standards text, registries, schemas and data; Apache-2.0 for reference code. External standards are cited by name, number and link under their own licences. Third-party data, libraries and fonts keep their own licences: see Third-party notices.